Cleaning technologies for sheets of early printed books in restoration practice: contamination types and intervention effectiveness

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Yakymets M. V., Myklushka I. Z. № 2 (71) 201-208 Image Image

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of contemporary ap­proaches to the cleaning of sheets from early printed books, which are regarded as unique and irreplaceable elements of the world’s documentary heritage. It addresses the need for a structured methodology in conservation, based on the accurate identification and clas­sification of surface contaminants. The study categorizes types of contamination according to their origin—atmospheric (dust, soot), organic (grease, adhesives), bio­logical (mold, microbial residues), and metal-reactive compounds (iron gall ink corrosion, rust stains)—as well as by their physicochemical properties and degree of pe­netration into the paper matrix. For each category, corresponding cleaning strategies are evaluated, including dry surface cleaning, aqueous treatment, enzymatic application, chelation, and gel-supported solvents.

Special attention is given to the application of innovative technologies such as fem­to­second laser ablation and cold plasma treatment, which enable selective and minimally invasive removal of impurities while preserving the structural and aesthetic integrity of the paper substrate. The article further discusses the advantages, limitations, and safety considerations of each method and advocates for an integrated approach based on contamination typology. The effectiveness of these approaches is evaluated in terms of precision, reversibility, and compatibility with heritage materials.

The findings contribute to the development of decision-making frameworks and practical protocols for conservators and paper restorers, promoting evidence-based in­terventions in the preservation of early printed artifacts. Furthermore, the article emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, ongoing experimental validation, and the gradual integration of advanced technologies in routine conservation workflows. These results provide a conceptual foundation for future research and stan­dardization in the field of paper-based cultural heritage preservation.

Keywords: early printed books, restoration of printed editions, cleaning of paper sheets, laser cleaning, paper ageing, document conservation, cultural heritage.

doi: 10.32403/1998-6912-2025-2-71-201-208


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