Immersive technologies on the Web: performance challenges and interaction paradigms

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Lytovchenko O. V., Мозіль Б. І., Думанський І. І. № 2 (71) 173-180 Image Image

This article provides a systematic analysis of recent advances in immersive web technologies (WebXR). It addresses a dual challenge for the field: achieving performance parity with native applications while developing intuitive, efficient, and inclusive interaction paradigms for immersive environments.

The first part examines key rendering bottlenecks that limit complex 3D scenes in web browsers, including fragment-bound issues from overdraw and complex physically based rendering (PBR) shaders, as well as CPU constraints caused by excessive draw calls. Modern optimization strategies are reviewed, focusing on the transition from WebGL to WebGPU, which introduces asynchronous execution and compute shaders for general-purpose GPU processing. The crucial role of WebAssembly (Wasm) is highlighted, as it enables nearnative performance by offloading intensive tasks from the main JavaScript thread. Efficient asset management techniques, including Draco mesh and KTX 2.0 texture compression, are also discussed as essential for reducing memory use and load times.

The second part explores the evolution of user experience (UX) and interaction paradigms. It outlines the limitations of unimodal interaction – such as physical fatigue and high cognitive load – and emphasizes the growing shift toward multimodal systems that combine gaze, gestures, and voice for more natural and adaptive interaction. This approach enhances both usability and accessibility by offering alternative input pathways for users with diverse abilities.

The article concludes by identifying key research directions for WebXR, including the development of standardized WebGPU benchmarks, formalized XR Accessibility Guidelines (XAG), and studies on perceptual limits in immersive data visualization.

Keywords: immersive technologies, web, performance, interaction paradigms, user experience, accessibility, AR, VR, WebXR, WebGPU, WebAssembly.

10.32403/1998-6912-2025-2-71-173-180


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